The CPU (Processor) Heats up usually because the computer is dirty inside with alot of dust. The dust cakes up on fans and makes the air-flow through the fan considerably less. I'd recommend cleaning the computer out every couple of months with some compressed air. You can buy a can for about $5.
What Happens:
When the CPU overheats, it can cause the computer to reboot, or sometimes shutdown on its own. It will usually overheat when under load instead of just idling, so you won't notice it until you're using your computer. Games and heavy graphics have a tendency to put more use on your processor, where-as web browsing does not and usually won't overheat your computer unless it's a major issue. If you forcefully push the overheating processor, like turning the computer on every time it tries to shut off, or disabling the overheat protection in the BIOS, it can cause your processor to literally burn up. You'd know that happens if you see smoke and smell burning metal - that's a very bad thing.
You can check the temperatures with software, Speed-fan is a good program that can see how hot your computer is. If anything gets over 60-70 Celsius then there is definitively a problem that you should not ignore.
Fixing:
Open the side of your computer's case, clean it out with compressed air, make sure all the fans are nice and clean and the heat-sink is shiny (The heat-sink is a grey box usually underneath the fan on top of the processor). To clean the heat-sink, don't try to take it off, just spray compressed air throughout it, it'll be enough to break loose most of the gunk.
One solution to prevent dust buildup would be to cut up some air filters, like those big ones for a heater, and put them on the openings of your computer case by screwing them in. It's crude, but very effective. After a couple weeks you'll notice a lot of dust on those and they'd have to be cleaned off or replaced though.
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